willful
用法要点
句型搭配
常用于描述人或行为，如 'be willful' 或 'willful act'，强调主观意图。
介词用法
通常不与特定介词固定搭配，但可接 'in' 表示在某个方面任性，如 'willful in his actions'。
语域说明
多用于正式或书面语境，如法律、学术或严肃讨论，表示故意的或固执的。
基础例句
The toddler was being willful and refused to eat his vegetables.
那个幼儿很任性，拒绝吃蔬菜。
She made a willful choice to skip the meeting, even though she knew it was important.
她故意选择不去开会，尽管她知道那很重要。
His willful behavior often leads to arguments with his friends.
他任性的行为经常导致和朋友争吵。
高级例句
The company was fined for willful non-compliance with environmental regulations.
该公司因故意不遵守环境法规而被罚款。
In legal terms, willful misconduct can result in severe penalties.
在法律术语中，故意不当行为可能导致严厉处罚。
The researcher's willful ignorance of conflicting data undermined the study's credibility.
研究者对矛盾数据的故意忽视损害了研究的可信度。
高频搭配
verb
adjective
noun
adverb
preposition
phrase
常见错误
错误在于使用了 'to do' 结构，'willful' 通常描述状态或行为，应使用 'in' 加动名词或直接修饰名词。
错误在于将 'willful' 与不定式连用，应分开表达，使用并列句或修饰语来连接行为。
近义词辨析
deliberate
'deliberate' 强调经过深思熟虑的故意，中性或正式；'willful' 更强调任性或固执的故意，常带负面含义。
His deliberate action was planned (深思熟虑), while her willful refusal was stubborn (任性固执).
stubborn
'stubborn' 主要指固执或不妥协，不一定有故意成分；'willful' 则强调有意的固执或任性行为。
He is stubborn about changing his mind (固执), but she is willful in breaking the rules (故意任性).